Fishing Industry in Russia
Management
Fisheries management is governed by the laws of the Russian Federation. The Federal Law on fisheries and the protection of aquatic biological resources "of December 2004 (hereinafter referred to as the Fisheries Act) divides into three categories Fishing principal 'industrial fishing, recreational and subsistence of indigenous groups. The fishing industry includes the inshore fishery. This definition was challenged and is under consideration.
The Fisheries Act requires that the total allowable catches (TACs) are set for stocks fishing. It defines these levels as taking scientifically justified annual aquatic biological resources of certain species in a fishing area. However, the Fisheries Act then stating that commercial fishing is not necessarily required to base their decision on the TAC. The law does not elaborate, but asks the federal government to issue a special law fixing TACs. Pacific salmon is the main stock that will probably not TAC, but have regulated fishing effort instead.
The Fisheries Act also gives a definition of a unit area of fishing and defines the principles general use. The compilation of lists of fishing unit areas is delegated to regional authorities. The Fisheries Act contains gaps and its application is criticized by parliamentarians and stakeholders. It can be expected that in the years to come at least two new federal laws "Coastal fishing" and "aquaculture" will be considered by Russian legislators.
Besides the parameters TAC, the fishery are also governed by the rules say fishing (Pravila rybolovstva). These rules are defined separately for different geographical regions.
The Fisheries Regulations specify seasonal closures, closed areas, restrictions on gear specific retricting such as mesh, minimum catch sizes and catch levels Reserved eligible. Fisheries management has been changing since In Soviet times, and other changes are likely.
The government has mismanaged the fishery, with frequent restructuring institutions responsible for fisheries management and control. From 1992, the Fisheries Authority was reorganized at least five time. The head of the fisheries authority has been replaced seven times, and not one of those heads was a professional fishing. The issues involved in regulation of fishing capacity has never been fully recognized. But fishing under policies begin to be developed now.
The extreme bureaucracy involved for a fishing vessel to a stop and the results of landing fish in the coastal transformation being short-circuited. Instead, the seafood is directly exported unprocessed. Similarly, There Are Many Bureaucratic Difficulties in Developing aquaculture. Obtain a license to use water and necessary sanitary certificates takes a long time, but do not guarantee the safety of the environment and health.
Artisanal
Vessels fishing off a pier, believed in Kostroma (Russia) Oil on canvas, 1839, by Anton Ivanov
There is no term legally adopted in Russia for the artisanal fisheries. Artisanal or subsistence fisheries in general refers mainly to fishing with traditional gear, with production delivered to the market, but also used for subsistence. In Russia, the term covers also several types of fishing industry considered, such as salmon, characters, whitefish, saffron cod, snowshoeing and fishing in the eyebrow Baltic and Arctic seas of the Far East. Subsistence fishing by indigenous groups is also a problem. Aboriginal fishermen work mainly estuaries, lagoons and rivers (for anadromous fish). Legally, they must use their catch for consumption only Local. They are not allowed to sell their catch, but in reality this is not always the case.
In Russia, poverty contributes to poaching and other threats to fishery resources. Poverty can let people depending on natural resources for food. It can be seen little incentive to protect fish and other aquatic organisms and use them sustainably. Lack of awareness and lack of participation public in managing local resources can result in poaching, overfishing and other illegal activities. Poaching by Individuals IUU catch feed industry, and form a vicious circle.
The social impacts of the traditional fishery has rarely been analyzed. The annual cycle Fishing still dominates life in the traditional fishing villages of Pomor that dot the coast of whites Wed Fishing has also influenced the lifestyles of many indigenous groups, such as among the settlers around the Pacific coast, north of Siberia, and around large lakes. In the late 1960s, administrative decisions have been taken away many coastal villages and resettle them in the big cities. This disrupted the means traditional and is associated with alcohol abuse and increased poverty. Now is a slow movement to revive cultural traditions. To succeed, also requires the restoration of sustainable fisheries that enabled fishing communities to thrive.
Recreation
Recreational fishing occurs throughout Russia. Fishing rules do not distinguish between the recreational fishing craft, so that both are regulated under the same rules. In some areas, fishing tourism is booming.
In 1999, recreational fishers and subsistence caught 4,300 tons, mainly perches and cyprinids. Later estimates are not available. Recreational fishing in the most important value is fishing for Atlantic salmon Kola Peninsula.
Industrial
Russia has three main industrial fishing:
marine fisheries, including brackish and anadromous and estuarine fisheries
Inland Fisheries
Aquaculture
Catch by category Fishing, 2005
Category
fishing zone
Screenshots
ton
Percent
Commentary
Navy
Coastal EEZ
69
Navy
Foreign EEZ
14.5
Reported catches in the EEZs of foreign states is stable.
Navy
High seas
10
Catch on the high seas has increased during the 2000.
Domestic
72,000
2.7
Domestic fisheries are found throughout the river basins and water bodies sweet, but the catches were made up only a very small fraction of the total catch.
Aquaculture
3.6
Aquaculture (mainly freshwater) production is relatively low compared to capture fisheries, but it is more and more.
wild fisheries
EEZ
Relief Map of Russia
marine fisheries of Russia are based on twelve seas of three oceans that border Russia, the landlocked Caspian Sea, and the high seas beyond Russia's exclusive economic zone (EEZ).
The three oceans are:
Atlantic: the sea of Azov Black Sea, Baltic, Barents and White Sea
the Arctic Ocean: with the Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea and the Chukchi Sea
in the Pacific with the Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan).
Marine capture fisheries in the seas Land of Russia, and inland marine waters of the EEZ provided up to 75 percent of the total catch reported for 19962005.
Images External
Russian exclusive economic zone
Russia series of fishery production
Russian EEZ
km Area
Asia
6,382,530 km
Baltic
24,549
Barents Sea
1,159,594
Total EEZ
7,566,673
View profile capture
The officially registered annual value of fisheries is about $ 5 billion, equivalent to 0.3 percent of GDP. The fisheries sector has been stable in absolute terms in recent years, so that its percentage of GDP has declined as the economy in general has increased.
Fisheries data in tonnes
2003
Production
Imports
Exports
Power supply
per capita
Fish for direct human consumption
3,389,932
815,155
1,374,894
2,481,542
17.3 kg
Fish for animal feed and other purposes
348,652
–
–
–
Due to declining catch and export more and more markets in Asia, Russian fisheries can not meet current domestic demand for seafood markets in Asia are more attractive for businesses Fishing the market. Accordingly, there is an increase in imports for the rich in big cities, with the increase of subsistence and recreational fisheries associated with IUU catches.
Coastal fisheries
deep sea fishing
Inland fisheries
Omul fish, endemic to Lake Baikal. sales and market Listyanka smoked.
The largest inland water is the coastline of the Caspian Sea. The largest lakes are Lake Baikal (23,000 km), Ladoga (19.100 km) and Onega (9,700 km). Russia has over two million rivers, the most important are in order, Severnaya Dvina, Pechora, Pechora, Pechora, Ob, Don, Yenisei, Lena, Kolyma, and Amur Indigirka. The most important inland fishing area is Obrtysh River basin (about 27 per cent). Sixty species are caught in inland fisheries of Russia. In terms of volume, whitefish (Coregonidae), cyprinids, pike and perch are the most important. nets are the most commonly used devices in inland commercial fishing. Seines are also used on major rivers and lakes, and small trawls on large lakes. In 2005, the agent catch in inland waters was 72,000 tons.
freshwater fish catch in tonnes
Water bodies or drainage
2005
Percent
Main species
Ob-Irtysh basin (Western Siberia)
19,200
26.7
slope Enisei
1,150
1.6
Lakes
Ladoga
2,900
4,0
cyprinids perch and whitefish
Onega
2,100
2.9
cyprinids, perch and whitefish
CHUDSKOE-Pskovskoye (Peipsi)
(Shared with Estonia)
4,000
5.6
cyprinids, smelt and whitefish
Ilmen
1,380
1.9
Baikal
2,500
3.5
whitefish
Water tanks
Rybinsk
1,040
1.4
Kuibyshevskoye
2,110
2.9
Saratovskoye
600
0.8
Volgograd (Volga On)
1,720
2.4
Tsimlyansk (the Grant)
6,900
9.6
cyprinids, perch and sander
Other areas
26,400
36.7
Total
72,000
100
In the past, the sturgeon was a large catch basin in the Sea of Azov and Caspian seas, and rivers Siberia and the Amur River. Currently, sturgeon stocks are heavily depleted and under constant pressure from poaching. Inland fisheries are governed by the Fisheries Act described above. However, some provisions refer specifically to inland fisheries, although there are specific regulation even for catchments and river systems. These regulations specify the closed areas, seasonal closures, gear restrictions, minimum mesh sizes and minimum catch size.
fishing fleet
Sergey Makarevich Russian trawler in the North Atlantic. It is transported aboard his trawl
According to the Russian State Naval Register in 2002, the fishing fleet at sea contains about 2,500 fishing boats, 366 transport vessels and 46 factory ships. On fishing vessels, 17 percent were over 64 meters (o / a), half were between 34 and 64 meters, and one third were between 24 and 34 meters. Small boats are registered with the State Inspectorate small fleet. In 2005, the Navy fleet small contained 2491 boats, and domestic fleet contained 5,500 motorboats.
Fishing gear used are:
Pelagic trawls used by processing and freezing trawlers for redfish and pollock in Alaska.
Bottom trawls restricted by medium and large businesses trawlers for demersal species such as halibut, cod, redfish, flounder.
Shrimp trawls used by shrimp Specialty
Bottom of nets used by vessels of small and medium size for flounder, cod and halibut
Bottom seines deployed by small boats for flounder, cod, halibut and other groundfish.
Drift nets used by vessels of medium size, primarily for salmon.
Bottom longlines used for halibut, cod and redfish.
Traps and pots used by vessels Small and medium size for shrimp, crabs and whelks,
Seines and pound nets for herring and whitefish
Dredgers operated from small boats for the clams.
The small boats used kiddles salmon (basket traps), and skindivers harvest scallops, urchins, kelp and sea cucumbers
An important question is the age of the Russian fishing fleet. About two-thirds of fishing vessels shall comply no safety standards. Compared with 1990, 2000, capital investment in industry fell by thirty percent and the number of specialists Skilled in fishing, shipping and processing technologies has decreased from 30 to 40 percent. Fishing for cod in the Barents Sea is an example of the domination of vessels elderly and inefficient. Between 2002 and 2005, forty percent of the effort in the demersal fishery was conducted by trawlers freeze the elderly, which produces only twenty five per cent of the official catch. In other words, they were 1.5 times less effective than other ships of the fleet. Equivalent modern trawlers are three to four times more efficient. The low efficiency of these vessels also involves the elderly the implications of IUU catches.
Declining stocks
According to FAO, large stocks fell following:
fluctuations Natural: the Pacific sardine
a combination of natural fluctuations and overfishing: Atlantic and Pacific herring, Alaska pollack, capelin in Barents Sea
overfishing and IUU fishing continues: sturgeon, Atlantic salmon, red king crab, sea cucumber
a combination marine pollution and overfishing: whitefish and Atlantic salmon in the basin of the Pechora basin, whitefish and sturgeon in the Ob drainage basin, most stocks in the Amur basin
ecosystem change due to the introduction of invasive species: sprat Black Sea and Caspian Sea.
Aggravating factors surrounding the demand for seafood in the East Asian markets, which encourage fishermen commercial exhaust inventories Russian EEZ. Russia illegal exporters have well-oiled links to importers in Japan, China and South Korea. Groups Crime and corruption amplifies the effect, because the short distances needed to transport seafood southern Kuriles and southern Sakhalin to Japan. transformation Fish enormous changes in China built on cheap labor to encourage the export of unprocessed fish, below.
Aquaculture
More than sixty species of fish, invertebrates and algae are grown commercially by aquaculture or Fish farming in Russia. Aquaculture is based mainly on the buffalo grass and silver carp, rainbow trout, scallops, mussels and kelp. In 2007 there were 300 aquaculture enterprises.
Aquaculture can be fresh or marine (mariculture):
Freshwater Aquaculture occurs in the northwest of European Russia where a large number of trout are farmed in the Far East, and southern Siberia. Production from 2003 to 2006 was about 100,000 tons.
Mariculture occurs mainly in Primorye province on the coast of the Sea of Japan. In 2006, farms Primorye sea covered 10,000 hectares, producing 1,340 tonnes, mainly Laminaria, blue mussels and scallops Mizuhopecten yessoensis.
Development Zones potential for freshwater aquaculture include 960,000 hectares of water bodies for agriculture, 143.000 hectares of ponds, in addition other areas of large lakes and reservoirs of water suitable for cage culture. The development of the national project on agriculture (Federal Agency for Fisheries, 2006) has set a 2020 target of 1.4 million tonnes of freshwater aquaculture and 400 000 tonnes from the mariculture. The federal government is considering a grant of two thirds of the credits required for the construction and modernization of aquaculture facilities.
Search
In Soviet times, the Ministry of Fisheries managed by an industry that has undertaken many institutes comprehensive research in oceanography, marine biology, fish stock assessment, management regimes for fisheries, and gear technology fishing and fish processing. The department also operates the research vessel on the high seas to meet the needs of the Russian offshore fishing.
After the breakup of the Soviet Union, these institutes, mainly responsible for research in fisheries science have been VNIRO coordinated by the Central Institute of Fisheries in Moscow.
In 2007, the regional institutes became branches formally subordinate VNIRO. Notably, in Saint Petersburg GIPRORYBFLOT research technology of fishing vessels and fish processing, while the research does VIERH Moscow economy.
Education
Five technical universities designed to train specialists in fishing. There are programs for biology, fisheries, navigation and marine engineering, fish processing, data processing machines, the economics of fisheries and aquaculture. Four vocational schools qualified professionals to the average level.
New college graduates about 120 aquaculture experts each year. The biological departments of several universities also pecialists Graduate fish biology and oceanography fisheries.
Institutions that are traditionally the most important are St. Petersburg Hydrometeorological Institute, the geographical departments Saint-Petersburg and Moscow universities, the University Biological Department of Moscow, the Far East University National, State University of Kazan and Perm State University.
See also
Agriculture in Russia
Russia's continental shelf
Notes
CIA ^ abc Factbook: Russia
Wed ^ abc Around Us Project
abcdefghijklmnopqrstu vwxyz ^ aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah FAO: [Russia Profile]
Abcd ^ FAO: Fisheries and Aquaculture 2005 statistics.
^ Abc State Committee on Fisheries of the Russian Federal Agency of the Federation of Fisheries, 2006.
Zilanov ^ VK (2007) the problems of fisheries in the eye professional.
Titova ^ GD (2007) Bioeconomic problems of fisheries in areas of national jurisdiction. St. Petersburg, PCV Publishing Ltd 367 p. (In Russian).
Tzetlin ^, A (2000) the traditional use of nature on the White Sea. Ohrana dikoi prirody, 2: 1316 (in Russian).
^ Yatskevich, BA, Pak, VA Rybalsky, NG (eds) (2000) Natural resources and environment of Russia. Moscow, Priroda Nia Refi (in Russian).
^ Reshetnikov, 2002
Abc ^ Department of Natural Resources, 2006
Zilanov ^, V (2001) of fish under the law? Today Russia, 22: 5455 (in Russian).
^ State Committee for Fisheries, 2003.
^ Kalentchenko MM, Kozlovsky and NA Shevchenko VV (2007) Efficiency economic use of the Russian fleet in the Barents Sea. Series of technical reports published by the Sustainable Fisheries ers WWF Russia. Office Barents Ecoregion WWF Russia, Murmansk, 53 p. (In Russian).
Mitupov ^, T (2007) aquaculture in Russia. Results from the head of the investment Analysis Group barley-Fish Timur Mitupov questionnaire House Norwegianussian trade.
Markovtsev ^, V (2007) Fisheries and aquaculture in the world. Rybak Primorías (in Russian).
References
The fish industry of Russia's production, trade, markets and investment. Eurofish, Copenhagen, Denmark. 2006. http://www.eurofish.dk/indexSub.php?id=3308&easysitestatid=255998662. Retrieved 26/12/2007.
External Links
Pacific Rim Fisheries Federation, the Russian Far East
Fishnet Russia – business directory and trade leads portal
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